Genetic Disorders :: essays research papers

Each year a number of children be born with biological defects that impair natural function. For THREE of the following conditions, discuss such aspects as the biological cause, the methods of treatment and possible means of contracting and/or prevention.One lethal disorder inherited as a recessive allelomorph allele is infantile amaurotic idiocy disease. This is caused by a dysfunctional enzyme that fails to break spate read/write head lipids of a certain class. The symptoms usually become manifest a few months after birth. Some symptoms are seizures, blindness and degeneration of go and mental performance. Death is the result of this disease, in children. With Tay-Sachs disease, the brain cells of a baby are unable to metabolize gangliosides, a type of lipid, because a crucial enzyme does not work properly. As the lipids accumulate in the brain, the brain cells gradually cease to function normally. Only children who inherit two copies of the Tay-Sachs allele qualifies as a recessive. At the biochemical aim, we observe an medium phenotype characteristic of incomplete dominance The enzyme deficiency that causes Tay Sachs disease can be detected in heterozygotes, who have an activity level of the lipid-metabolizing enzyme that is intermediate in the midst of individuals homozygous for the normal allele and individuals with Tay-Sachs disease. Heterozygotes lack symptoms of the disease, apparently because one-half the normal amount of functional enzyme is sufficient to prevent lipid compendium in the brain. In fact, heterozygous individuals produce equal numbers of normal and dysfunctional enzyme molecules. At the molecular level, the normal allele and the Tay-Sachs allele are codominant. Sickle-cell disease is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red roue cells. When the oxygen subject of an affected individuals blood is low, the sickle-cell hemoglobin deforms the red cells to a sickle shape. Sickling of th e cells, in turn, can lead to other symptoms. The multiple do of a double dose of the sickle-cell allele exemplify pleiotropy, which is the ability of a gene to affect an organism in many ways. Regular blood transfusions could be used to ward off brain damage in children with sickle-cell disease. Heterozygotes with the sickle-cell allele may suffer some symptoms of the disease when there is a reduction of blood oxygen. Since the two alleles are codominant at the molecular level both normal and abnormal hemoglobins are made. Only individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele suffer from the disease.